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Safe Handling of Pesticides: Hazards, Protective Gear, and First Aid Protocols

Keeping homes and businesses pest-free is essential, but safety should be a top priority. Pest control technicians play a vital role in protecting everyone from unwanted pests, but they must also be mindful of potential hazards associated with pesticides. Understanding how these chemicals can enter the body and the symptoms they cause is crucial. Fortunately, technicians can safeguard themselves and others by wearing proper protective clothing and equipment. Using the right pesticides for the job and following application instructions meticulously minimizes risks to clients, pets, and the environment. Every technician should be prepared for pesticide emergencies. This includes knowing how to contain spills, administering first aid, and contact emergency services if necessary. By prioritizing safety throughout the pest control process, technicians can ensure a healthy and safe environment for everyone. 

Hazards of pesticide use

The word ‘hazard’ gets tossed around a lot with pesticides, and sometimes it’s confused with just how poisonous something is. Toxicity describes how inherently harmful a substance is, basically its potential to cause poisoning. Hazard, on the other hand. Refers to the actual risk of poisoning. This risk can change depending on the specific chemical, but also on how it’s used, handled, and applied. 

Imagine two chemicals – a potent one but applied precisely beneath a concrete floor, and another less potent but sprayed directly on food prep surfaces. Even though the first chemical is technically more toxic, the way it’s used makes it less risky for the people living there. This is the difference between toxicity and hazard. Toxicity is how poisonous a substance is on its own, while hazard considers how likely it is to cause harm based on how it’s used. So, a more toxic chemical applied safely can be less hazardous than a less toxic one used carelessly. 

The risk for pesticide exposure is not just about the product itself. It also depends on who might be around when it’s used. Places like daycare centres, retirement homes, or those who are immunocompromised, need extra care and attention during pest control. 

While all pesticides carry some level of risk, there are no magic “safe”  ones. The good news is that following safe handling practices can greatly reduce or even eliminate the chance of getting sick from them. 

Pest control technicians work with these chemicals daily, and it is natural to become accustomed to them. However, it is crucial to remember that pesticides can still be harmful. All technicians should be thoroughly aware of potential risks involved in their  work such as: 

Risk to the operator

While chronic occupational exposure to pesticides may pose health risks to operators, such risks can be significantly minimised or even eliminated through a multi-faceted approach. 

This includes:

• Careful pesticide selection – opting for less toxic alternatives whenever effective in achieving pest control goals.

• Label comprehension and adherence – carefully reading and following all instructions and safety precautions outlines on pesticide labels. 

• Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) utilization – donning and maintaining appropriate protective clothing and equipment to create a physical barrier between the operator and the chemicals.

• Regular equipment maintenance – ensuring proper functioning and minimising accidental exposure through meticulous equipment upkeep.

• Scheduled medical monitoring – participating in regular medical check-ups to identify any potential health concerns at an early stage. 

• Safety-conscious work practices – cultivating and adhering to established safety protocols throughout the entire pest control process.

• In–depth knowledge of pesticide properties – possessing a thorough understanding of the specific poisoning characteristics of each pesticide used for targeted mitigation strategies. 

Furthermore, the risk of occupational poisoning can demonstrably increase under the following circumstances: 

• Seasonal influx of inexperienced workers – the initial months of the warm season, when new and potentially untrained personnel begin handling potentially toxic pesticides. 

• Elevated temperatures – hot weather conditions, where the discomfort associated with wearing proper protective clothing and equipment can lead to complacency and shortcuts. 

• Worker fatigue – the concluding hours of a long workday, when fatigue can comprise adherence to safety protocols and increase the risk of exposure for both the operator and the client

Risk to the public

Pest control technicians spend most of their time applying pesticides inside and around buildings. Because these chemicals can be harmful, it’s crucial for them to understand the potential risks for everyone living or working in those spaces

Risk to pets

Having pets is a joy, but unwanted pests can threaten their health and well-being. While fish, cats, dogs, and birds can all be a part of the family, they have different sensitivities to pest control methods.

Fish are particularly vulnerable because they live in a closed environment. Contaminated water can be deadly for them. Birds can also be quite delicate, and some treatments may be too harsh for their respiratory systems. Cats, on the other hand, can be at risk of accidentally ingesting pesticides if they groom themselves after a treatment. 

The good news is that there are safe and effective ways to control pests without harming pets. By choosing the right products and applying them carefully. 

Risk to wildlife and the environment

Everything on earth depends on a delicate balance between living things. Disrupting this balance, particularly with pesticides, can have unintended consequences for wildlife, waterways, and the environment as a whole. Pest control companies are increasingly focused on minimising harm to non-target species.

One key concern is persistent pesticides. These chemicals don’t break down easily and can spread through the environment, harming various organisms in the food chain. Unfortunately, some urban pest control techniques still rely on these chemicals. 

The good news is that pest control can significantly reduce environmental risks by:

• Limiting the use of persistent pesticides 
• Applying them carefully and selectively
• Finding replacements with less harmful chemicals whenever possible

By taking these steps, we can ensure effective pest control while protecting the environment we share.

Prioritising Risk Management: Essential for Pest Control Companies

Protecting people’s health is a top priority for pest control companies. This goes beyond legal requirements – it’s a professional responsibility. That’s why all pest control companies should hold regular training sessions on pesticide safety. These sessions should be mandatory for everyone who handles these products, ensuring they have the knowledge and skills to use them safely and effectively. The training should at least cover:

• State regulations governing the use, handling, storage, and transport of pesticides. 
• Pesticide labels and Safety Data Sheets for each product they use.
• Instruction on company policies regarding:
  • The proper use and care of PPE like gloves, suits, and respirators.
  • How to handle spills, administer first aid, and follow emergency procedures.
  • Strategies for choosing the safest pesticides and methods for different situations, especially when dealing with vulnerable populations like pregnant women, young children, and the elderly. 
  • Safe operation and maintenance of power tools, application equipment, and ladders.
  • Vehicle safety and maintenance of practices to ensure technicians are safe during travel. 

By investing in this comprehensive training, we equip our team with the knowledge and skills to perform their job effectively while prioritising the safety of themselves, our clients, and the environment.

Pesticides and Health

A major challenge in pest control lies in fully understanding the long–term health effects of pesticides on humans. While laboratory experiments using animals like rats and mice provide valuable data, these findings can only offer a limited picture of how these chemicals might affect people. Our modern lives are a complex mix of stressors and constant exposure to various chemicals, from food additives to cleaning products. This constant barrage, combined with the inherent stresses of daily life, makes it difficult to isolate the precise impact of a single pesticide on any individual. 

There are two main ways pesticides can affect our health:

• Direct exposure – this can happen through a single large dose or repeated smaller doses. Symptoms like headaches, nausea, or dizziness might appear within hours or days, but they are usually temporary and people typically recover fully.

• Indirect effects – these take longer to show up and can develop even after someone stops using pesticides. They are sometimes called long-term effects and can be serious. Examples include problems affecting unborn babies (embryotoxicity), the nervous system (neurotoxicity) genes (mutagenicity), and even an increased risk of cancer (carcinogenicity). 

Pesticide Poisoning in Humans

Direct Effects

There are three main ways pesticides can enter the human body: inhalation, ingestion, and absorption through the skin. The severity of pesticide poisoning depends on two important factors. The first is the amount of pesticide that enters the body. The second is body size, with larger individuals generally requiring a higher dose for poisoning to occur. However, some pesticides are much more potent than others. These powerful pesticides can be dangerous even in small quantities, regardless of a person’s size. 

There are two ways pesticides can cause poisoning:

• Acute poisoning – this happens when someone is exposed to a large amount of pesticide all at once. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and can even be fatal. 
• Chronic poisoning – this occurs when someone is exposed to small amounts of pesticide repeatedly over time. These small doses build up and eventually cause health problems, which could also be fatal. 

To minimise health risks, pest control companies often recommend rotating the types of pesticides used on the job. This helps prevent the development of chronic health problems in technicians who might be exposed to the same chemical repeatedly. 

Routes of entry of pesticides in humans

Pesticides are vital tools for pest control, but it’s crucial to use them safely. To minimise the risk of accidental poisoning, pest control professionals need to understand how these chemicals can enter the body. There are three main ways this can happen: ingestion, inhalation, and dermal or skin absorption:

Oral

Unfortunately, pesticide poisoning can happen accidentally, especially when it comes to swallowing the product. This can occur in a few ways:

• Mistaken identity – sometimes, pesticides are stored in containers that look like food or drinks, leading to accidental ingestion, particularly by children. 
• Suicide attempts – in tragic situations, some individuals may ingest pesticides intentionally.
• On-the-job exposure – careless behaviour during pesticide application can lead to accidental swallowing. This could include activities like smoking or eating without proper washing, contaminating food with the product, or even blowing out clogged nozzles with one’s mouth. 

Thankfully, some labels recommend ways to minimise poisoning effects from ingestion, such as inducing vomiting to prevent the body from absorbing the pesticide. However, it’s important to remember that this should only be done if specifically advised on the label and never replace seeking immediate medical attention

Respiratory

Pesticides can be dangerous if inhaled, like tiny particles you breathe in. To avoid this, it’s important to wear proper breathing protection whenever you use pesticides. This is especially crucial when: 

• Mixing and handling concentrated pesticides
• Applying pesticides in ways that could create a breathing hazard, like fogging treatments in enclosed spaces.

Here’s how to stay safe: 

• Wear the right gear – a respirator designed for pesticides to filter out harmful particles. 

• Store pesticides properly – do not keep them in your car, especially in hot weather, as fumes can build up and be harmful. 

• Plan for people’s safety – if spraying indoors, ensure people and pets stay out for a designated period. Allow proper ventilation before anyone re-enters the treated area.

By following these tips, you can significantly reduce the risk of pesticide poisoning when using them. 

Dermal

Pesticides are a helpful tool for pest control, but it is important to handle them safely. One of the biggest concerns for pest control professionals is skin exposure. This can happen in a number of ways, like spills during mixing, spraying reaching unintended areas, or even touching contaminated equipment or clothing. 

The key to avoiding harm from skin contact is to act quickly. If pesticides get on your skin, take off contaminated clothes right away and wash the area thoroughly with soap and water. The faster you remove the pesticide, the less gets absorbed into your body.

Here are some important habits to keep you safe:

• Wash protective gear regularly – this includes gloves, respirators, and overalls
• Be mindful when applying pesticides – avoid spraying on surfaces people might touch
• Do not let small spills go unchecked – clean them up right away to prevent pesticide buildup.

By following these steps, pest control professionals can minimise the risk of pesticide poisoning and keep themselves healthy. 

Measurement of toxicity of pesticides to humans

Pesticides come in a wide range of toxicity levels for humans. Some are incredibly dangerous, with just a small amount potentially causing death in an adult male. Thankfully, other pesticides are much safer. Because of this vast difference, it is crucial to understand how toxic a pesticide is before using it.

Unfortunately,  accidents and suicides involving pesticides don’t give the whole picture. To truly assess a pesticide’s risk, scientists conduct tests during development. These tests involve giving the pesticide to small mammals like rats, mice, and rabbits, which share similar physiological features to humans. By observing the effects on these animals, scientists can estimate the relative risk the pesticide poses to people. 

Relative mammalian toxicity LD50

For safe pest control, consider LD50 on labels. It tells how much pesticide would harm half the test animals (usually in a single dose). Lower LD50 means higher risk. Choose products with higher LD50s to minimise danger to your family and pets. Remember to always follow label instructions for best results. 

The LD50 seen on a pesticide label is measured in milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg). A lower number means less pesticide is needed to half-harm the test animals (usually rats or mice). So, a product with a low LD50 (i.e. 2 mg/kg) is considered more toxic than one with a high LD50 (i.e. 2000 mg/kg)

It is important to remember that LD50 is an estimate, not a perfect science. Several factors can influence toxicity, like specific ingredients, individual sensitivities, and delayed effects. These values are meant for comparison between pesticides, not a direct translation to human risk. Different labs studying the same pesticide can even get slightly different results. 

While LD50 is not foolproof, it is a valuable tool for choosing a safer pesticide. By opting for products with higher LD50s, potential risks to families and pets can be minimised. Always remember to follow label instructions carefully for optimal pest control and safety. 

LD50s and comparative levels of toxicity

Level of toxicity	Oral LD50 (mg/kg)	Dermal LD50 (mg/kg)
Extremely toxic	Less than 5	10 or less
Highly toxic	5–50	10–100
Moderately toxic	50–500	100-1000
Slightly toxic	500–5000	Over 1000

Poisoning by pesticides in common use

One of the most important things a pest control technician needs to know is how safe the pesticides they use are. 

Below are charts that show how poisonous some common pesticides are, and the potential effects of accidental pesticide exposure, including swallowing, inhalation, and skin absorption. 

Moreover, symptoms of pesticide poisoning and the recommended first-aid procedures are also discussed here. It is important to note that this information focuses primarily on insecticides. Technicians who work with other pest control products, such as weed killers, fumigants, and certain rodenticides must themselves with the specific safety precautions and first aid measures for each type of product they handle.

Acute mammalian oral and dermal LD50s* of some insecticides

Insecticide	Oral LD50 (mg/kg)	Dermal LD50 (mg/kg)
Inorganics Arsenic trioxide Boric acid	34–64 >3,200	– –
Botanicals pyrethrins	584–900	>1,500
Organichlorine compounds Chlordane DDT heptachlor	457–590 113–118 147–220	>200 but <2,000 2,510 >2,000
Organophosphorus compounds azamehphos chlorpyrifos diazinon dichlorvos fenitrothion fenthion pirimiphos-methyl temephos	1,180 135–163 300–400 approx 50 approx 250 190–615 2,050 4,204–10,000	>2,150 approx 2,000 >2,150 approx 300 approx 2,500 330–500 >2,000 2,181
Carbamates bendiocarb  methomyl  propoxur	40–156  17–24  approx 50	566–600 >5,000 >5,000
Synthetic pyrethroids allethrin alpha cypermethrin beta cyfluthrin bifenthrin bioresmethrin cyfluthrin cypermethrin deltamethrin lambda cyhalothrin permethrin 25/75 phenothrin	585–1,100 79–5,000 140–500 54 7,070–8,000 900 251–4,123 135–>5,000 19–79 1,479–4,672 >10,000	>2,500 500 >5,000 >2,000 >10,000 >5,000 >2,400 >2,000 1,293–1,507 4,000 >10,000
Insect growth regulators diflubenzuron fenoxycarb hexaflumuron hydroprene methoprene pyriproxyfen triflumuron	4,640 >10,000 >5,000 >5,000 >34,600 >5,000 >5,000	>2,000 >2,000 >5,000 >5,000 >3,500 >2,000 >5,000
Miscellaneous fipronil  hydramethylnon  imidacloprid	100 1,131  150–450	>2,000 >5,000  >5,000

Medical examination

Pest control technicians are like warriors against unwanted guests in homes and businesses. But just like any soldier, they need to be protected from the tools they use. This is where regular medical check-ups come in. 

These check-ups help catch any early signs of problems caused by exposure to pesticides. Technicians work with a variety of these chemicals for long periods, so it is important to monitor their health. Often, government health departments handle these specialised check-ups. If that is not available, a doctor familiar with pesticide safety can perform the tests. 

Basically, these check-ups are a way to keep pest control technicians healthy so they can continue to keep people safe from unwanted critters. 

Indirect effects

Developing a new pesticide is not a quick and easy feat. it takes years of research and millions of dollars, with a big chunk dedicated to making sure it’s safe for people and the environment. There’s what tests typically involve:

• Safety checks – this includes testing how harmful the pesticide is if swallowed, absorbed through the skin, or inhaled by mammals including humans). They also check for eye and skin irritation, and whether it can cause allergic reactions.

• Long-term effects – scientists investigate how the pesticide might impact reproduction, including potential birth defects or harm to developing embryos. 

• Genetic impact – tests assess if the pesticide can cause mutations in genes, which can have serious consequences. They also look for effects on the nervous system. 
• Real-world impact – studies simulate real-life exposure by giving animals low doses of the pesticide over 
• Protecting wildlife and the environment – scientists examine how the pesticide affects wildlife and how it breaks down in the environment. This ensures it does not linger and harm ecosystems. 

By going through these rigorous tests, new pesticides can be introduced with confidence, knowing they effectively target pests while minimising risks to people and the environment.

Potential Long-term Effects of Pesticides

While pesticides are effective at eliminating unwanted pests, some can have unexpected long-term consequences. Here’s a breakdown of some potential delayed effects. 

• Cancer risk – some pesticides may increase the chance of developing cancer malignant tumors) later in life.
• Genetic mutations – exposure can potentially alter genes, which may impact various functions in the body though this is mainly tested using bacteria. 
• Birth defects – in pregnant animals, certain pesticides might cause abnormalities in their offspring.
• Harm to developing babies – exposure during pregnancy could lead to problems in the developing embryo. 
• Nervous system issues – pesticides can potentially damage nerve tissue, impacting the brain and spinal cord.

It’s important to note that not all pesticides carry these risks, and regulations are in place to minimise them. However, understanding these potential long-term effects highlights the importance of using pesticides responsibly and following safety guidelines. 

While pesticides effectively eliminate pests, they can also have unintended consequences beyond simply killing them. These are called sublethal effects, and they can be tricky to pinpoint because they are often subtle and can have multiple causes. Immediate poisoning effects of pesticides have been discussed, however, it is also important to be aware that there might be other less obvious ways pesticides can affect us. These potential effects include changes in behaviour, difficulty sleeping, breathing problems, memory issues, muscle weakness, and even impacts on the immune system. As pest control technicians, it is crucial to stay informed about the latest research on these potential hazards, whether they are immediate and clear or delayed. Understanding all the risks associated with pesticides allows us to make the safest choices for everyone involved. 

Protective clothing and equipment

Ensuring the safety of both technicians and clients is paramount in pest control. Occasionally, technicians might forgo full protective equipment due to clients expressing concern about the chemicals used. This shouldn’t be a cause of concern. If the treatment requires strong chemicals that could pose a health risk to those nearby, the appointment should be rescheduled for a time when the building is unoccupied. Conversely, if the treatment is safe for those present but the technician’s gear raises questions, a simple explanation can alleviate concerns. Technicians are regularly exposed to these chemicals, necessitating extra protection for their long-term well-being. Just like a workshop requires safety glasses, the gear is essential for their health. By understanding the reasoning behind the protective equipment, everyone involved can feel confident and comfortable throughout the pest control process.

Effective pest control relies heavily on the safety of both technicians and clients. To achieve this, pest control technicians must wear appropriate clothing and equipment specifically chosen for each job. Several factors determine the type of gear needed. The specific pesticide being used, the environment where the treatment occurs, and even local regulations all play a crucial role. 

The key lies in understanding the details of the treatment. By carefully reviewing the product label and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the chosen pesticide, technicians can identify the exact clothing and equipment necessary. This ensures they are well-protected throughout the process. Following these guidelines creates a safe environment for everyone involved, including the technician, the client, and the surrounding environment.

Basic items for protection

Keeping everyone safe is a priority during pest control, especially in homes and businesses. Technicians wear overalls, gloves, boots, hats, and respirators. However, newer and safer products might require less gear. Regardless of the treatment, always check three things first: 

1. The product label for specific safety instructions,
2. Local laws for any additional requirements, and 
3. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for detailed information on the product and how to handle it safely. 

Effects of some widely-used pesticides on humans, as well as recommended initial medical responses (Reminder: Always consult product labels and/or Safety Data Sheets for guidance on first aid procedures.)

Types of pesticides	Physiological effects	Symptoms of poisoning	First aid treatment
Organochlorine compounds Eg. aldr Chlordane Dieldrin Heprachlor (mostly as emulsifiable concentrates	Some common pesticides can disrupt the central nervous system, though we don’t fully understand how. Repeated exposure can lead to liver and kidney issues, these pesticides or their breakdown products may develop over time, especially in those excess weight. Rapid weight loss can also trigger poisoning symptoms. Regular medical exams for pesticide handlers typically measure organochlorine levels in the blood, but not in fat.	Diarrhea, vomiting, numbness in the limbs, restllessness, and heightened excitability. These might progress to muscle twitching and convulsions, potentially fatal. The time it takes for symptoms to appear varies based on the amount of exposure and how quickly the pesticide is absorbed.	If someone ingests pesticides, don’t make them vomit. Instead, contact the Poisons Information Centre (131126) immediately. Avoid giving milk or oils, as they can help the pesticide absorb. For skin exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin gently but thoroughly with soap and water. Ensure the person can breathe properly and provide artificial respiration if needed. Rest the patient and seek medical help. Doctors may give medications to alleviate symptoms and recommend avoiding contact with organochlorine compounds for a certain period.
Organophosphorus compounds Eg. Azamehphos Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Dichlorvos Fenitrothion Fenthion Maldison Trichlorphon (mostly as emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders)	Organophosphates work by deactivating cholinesterase enzymes in the body, which are responsible for breaking down acetylcholine, a key nerve transmitter. When these enzymes are inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates, disrupting the nervous system’s normal function. Symptoms of poisoning typically appear when enzyme activity drops to around 30% of normal levels. Although some enzyme (pseudocholinesterase) may recover shortly after poisoning, red blood cell cholinesterase only regenerates when new red blood cells replace old ones, at a rate of about 1% per day. Full recovery from organophosphorus poisoning can take between 4 to 8 weeks. It’s important to note that organophosphates are not stored in body fat. Routine medical checks for those handling these chemicals involve monitoring blood cholinesterase levels to ensure safety.	Exposure can lead to a range of symptoms including headache, fatigue, dizziness, increased saliva, sweating, blurred vision, constricted pupils chest tightness, breathing difficulties, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, seizures, and paralysis, which can be fatal. In severe cases, death can happen within minutes of exposure.	If someone has swallowed an organophosphate, don’t make them vomit. Instead, call the Poisons Information Centre immediately. For skin exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water. If it’s certain the poisoning is from an organophosphate, give atropine tablets (0.6 mg) every 15 minutes until the mouth feels dry. Atropine helps counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine. If breathing has stopped, start resuscitation immediately and seek medical help promptly. Doctors might advise avoiding contact with organophosphates and carbamates for a while.
Carbamate compounds Eg. Carbaryl Bandiocarb Propoxur 9mostly as wettable powders and dusts)	Like organophosphates, carbamates also hinder cholinesterase in insects. Unlike organophosphates, the recovery of enzyme activity with carbamates can be speedy, often within hours or days. They’re known as ‘repidly reversing inhibitors’ of cholinesterase. Operators	Headaches, abdominal pain if swallowed, increased saliva, sweating, confusion, small pupils, and muscle tremors. Recovery can happen quickly. These symptoms can resemble those of organophosphate poisnoning.	If someone ingests a carbamate, do not make them vomit. Instead, contact the Poisons Information Centre (131126). If it gets on the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin gently but thoroughly with soap and water. If it’s confirmed to be carbamate or organophosphorus poisoning, administer atropine sulfate (0.6 mg) every 15 minutes until the mouth feels dry. Seek medical help.
Pyrethrins (mostly as space sprays in aerosols etc.)	Pyrethrins, an insecticide, can irritate the nose and throat, possibly leading to respiratory issues or skin irritation. While large amounts might affect the nervous system, it’s rare for humans to be exposed to such levels. Overall, it’s considered safe, although some individuals may be more sensitive to it.	Irritation in the nose, throat, and eyes. Allergic reactions might cause numbness in the lips and tongue, along with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Skin contact can result in dermatitis	If someone is exposed to the poison source, such as spray droplets, remove them from it. Consider sedation or antihistamines, and if needed, seek medical help.
Arsenic compounds Eg Arsenic trioxide (mostly as a dust)	Destroys intestinal and other organ cells, possibly leading to skin cancer.	Stomach problems, vomiting, diarrhea, pale skin, low fever, too much saliva, and irritation of the nose and eyes. Traces of the pest might be detected in nails, urine, and hair.	If exposed to arsenic, avoid further contact. Contact the Poisons Information Centre (131126) or seek medical help. Most of the arsenic is removed from the body within 8 weeks.
Solvents Eg.  Toluene Xylene (mostly in emulsifiable concentrates)	Possibly helps insecticides get inside the body. Could cause nausea, headache, and dizziness.	Nausea, headache, dizziness.	Move away from the source of contact and seek medical assistance promptly.
Rodenticides (anti-coagulant type) Eg. Brodifacoum Bromadiolone Coumatetralyl Diphacinone Warfarin (usually as dry or liquid baits, tracking powders and wax blocks)	Two crucial effects are: (a) hindering blood clotting and; (b) harming delicate blood vessels.  Bleeding typically happens at the site of the injury.	Discomfort in the back, stomach, and intestines, along with nosebleeds, vomiting, blood in usine, and extensive bruising, particularly around the knees and elbows.	Seek medical assisstance immediately. Vitamin K serves as an antidote.

Overalls

Overalls, also called boiler suits are a crucial piece of clothing for pest control technicians. They should have long sleeves and fasten securely at the wrists and neck to prevent any skin exposure to pesticides. Here’s why overalls are so important:

• Contamination Risk – Pesticides can soak into overalls after use. This contaminated clothing can transfer the pesticide to the skin, especially when sweating. Regular washing minimises the risk. 
• Washing Routine – to ensure maximum safety, overalls should be washed thoroughly after each day’s work. This removes any pesticide residue that may have accumulated. 
• Be prepared – it’s a good idea to keep a spare pair of clean overalls in your vehicle. In case of accidental contamination during a job, you can change and avoid spreading the pesticide to your car or other equipment. 
• Avoiding spread – take off overalls before heading to the next job. This prevents contaminating the car’s interior and potentially exposing yourself and others further. 

Gloves

Protecting your hands is vital in pest control. Thick, elbow-length PVC gloves offer the best defence. To maintain their effectiveness, wash the outside of the gloves with soap and water while wearing them after each job. This removes any pesticide residue. Regularly check for leaks by filling the gloves with water and squeezing. Discard any gloves with holes. Some professionals recommend washing both the inside and outside of the gloves for additional safety. 

Boots

When working with pest control products prioritise footwear that safeguards your feet. Choose sturdy, closed-toe boots or shoes that reach your ankles for maximum coverage. Opt for waterproof materials like rubber or specially treated leather to prevent pesticide absorption. Remember, even the most comfortable footwear needs proper hygiene – wash boots or shoes thoroughly inside and out after each use, and do not forget to wash the socks daily. This ensures your feet stay safe and protected throughout the pest control job.

Hat

For pest control, ditch the wide-brimmed hat and choose washable headwear, like a beret that won’t block your sight and keeps dust out of your hair. This keeps you safe and comfy on the job. 

Respiratory protection

Pest control technicians use different masks depending on the job. This is because some sprays and dusts are more dangerous than others. It is important to pick the right mask for the job to stay safe. By the way, beards can block the seal of these masks, so it’s best to be clean-shaven when on the job. 

Half-face respirator

In most urban pest control situations (excluding fumigation), technicians rely on a special type of mask. This mask, typically made of soft, flexible rubber, fits snugly over the nose and mouth. Traditionally, these masks come with two filters, but some people prefer single-filter options. They come in various sizes to ensure a good fit on different faces. It is important to note that different brands might have slightly different designs, so trying out a few options can help you find the most comfortable secure fit. 

Maintaining the respirator is a must for safety and effectiveness. Regularly check the exhale and inhale valves, replacing them if needed. Choose filters designed for the specific pesticides that will be used and change them based on usage. Some recommend eight hours or upon detecting an odour. Always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions. After each day, remove the filters and wash the mask with soap and water. Finally, store the mask in a sealed plastic bag to prevent contamination, ensuring it is ready for the next task.  

Full-face, canister-type respirator

For heavy-duty pest control tasks, full-face respirators offer superior protection compared to standard masks. These comfortable, multi-strapped masks completely shield the eyes, nose, and mouth. The separate viewing panel minimizes fogging for clear vision during use. Full-face respirators come with replaceable canisters, either attached directly to the mask 9smaller size) or worn on the waist and connected by a tube larger in size). While primarily used for fumigation, these masks are also valuable when applying certain powerful sprays like dichlorvos. Remember to replace the canister regularly (around eight hours of use or upon odour detection) and wash the facepiece after each use. Store your full-face respirator in a sealed plastic bag away from pesticides when not in use, ensuring it’s ready for the most demanding jobs. 

Respirator Maintenance

Even though a respirator is worn, it doesn’t automatically shield the user from harmful fumes. Here’s what’s needed for proper protection:

• Ensure the respirator is designed for the specific task. Different types protect against different hazards.
• The respirator needs a perfect seal around the face to block fumes. A loose fit won’t provide protection.
• These filters trap harmful particles, but they have a limited lifespan. Replace them based on usage frequency (some users write the replacement date on the new cartridge for reference).
• Disassemble the respirator regularly and wash all parts (except the cartridge) with warm water and mild soap. This removes dirt and grime that can clog the filter. 
• Inspect all parts, especially the valves, for cracks or signs of wear and tear. Damaged parts comprise protection. 
• Keep spare inhalation and exhalation valves on hand for immediate replacement if needed. 
• When not in use, store the respirator in a clean, sealed plastic bag or another suitable container. Keep it away from pesticides to prevent contamination. 

Miscellaneous protective equipment 

In addition to the essential protective gear mentioned earlier, there are some extra tools that can be helpful depending on the specific pest problem. 

Dust masks/pads

While these simple dust masks might seem helpful for dusty attics during inspections, they are not safe for areas where pesticides have been used. Because traces of pesticides might linger from past treatments, it is important to wear a proper respirator for any task involving pesticides. 

Apron

A rubber or plastic apron can be a big help when mixing and pouring pesticides, especially concentrated formulas. Remember to wash it thoroughly after each use. 

Face shield

Face shields offer an optional layer of protection for technicians. These plastic shields with replaceable visors are helpful in specific situations. When mixing pesticides, a face shield guards against splashes. Spraying in windy conditions or near sensitive areas can cause product drift, and a face shield provides extra defence. Working in high places, like under eaves, exposes technicians directly to the spray, and a face shield minimises contact with the eyes and face. Be sure to wash the face shield after every use. 

Goggles

Consider wearing goggles to protect the eyes when mixing pesticides or if there is a chance of the spray misting towards you. Choose a type that won’t fog up so you can see clearly. 

Positive-pressure, supplied-air respirator

While most pest control procedures do not require anything as serious as a spacesuit, safety is always a top priority. In some rare situations, like emergency fumigations or fires, technicians might wear specialised gear. This equipment typically includes a full-face mask connected to an air tank, allowing them to safely enter environments that could be hazardous due to low oxygen or toxic chemicals. 

However, for everyday pest control jobs, you won’t see technicians decked out in this kind of gear. Standard procedures involve using well-maintained and properly cleaned protective clothing and equipment. This ensures technicians can effectively treat pest problems while keeping themselves and customers safe. In fact, using dirty or damaged equipment can be more dangerous than not using any protection at all. 

Safe Practices in Urban Pest Control Procedures 

Pest control often relies on pesticides, but these chemicals can be risky. To keep everyone safe, professionals prioritise safety practices. This means understanding state regulations, product labels, and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all the pesticides they use. By following the protocols below, they minimise risks to people, pets, and the environment. 

In the pest control operator’s vehicle

This guide outlines key safety measures for pest control vehicles:

Driver and Passenger Protection:

• Separate the driver’s cabin from chemicals and equipment. Modified vans with walls and ventilation are ideal. 
• Lockable compartments for pesticides and equipment are mandatory. 
• Regular vehicle servicing minimises accident risks.
• Display emergency contact information (poison control, Health department) for easy access.

Pesticide Safety:

• Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for all pesticides should be readily available in the vehicle. 
• Before driving, understand the potential hazards of all carried pesticides by reading labels.
• Store clean protective clothing in a plastic bag within the front cabin, away from pesticides. Disposable bags are recommended. 
• Ensure equipment is well-maintained, leak-free, and free of pesticide residue.

Cargo Security:

• Empty the bulk thank before travel.
• Clearly label the bulk tank with the type of pesticide and its hazardous nature.
• Secure all equipment and pesticide containers with straps or other effective methods. 
• Securely fasten pressurised cylinders with the valve closed when not in use.
• Avoid glass containers for pesticides.
• All pesticide containers should be clean, tightly sealed, and clearly labelled with the original label intact. If not in the original container, use a designated pesticide container. 

Spill and Emergency Preparedness:

• Keep a fire extinguisher readily accessible.
• Have absorbent material like a spill kit available for accidental spills. Sturdy plastic bags for cleanup are also helpful. 
• In case of a spill, use the absorbent material to contain it immediately. Depending on the severity, clean it up and contact the relevant authorities. 
• Maintain a clean, spare set of protective clothing and equipment in the driver’s cabin. 
• Keep a separate set of clean street clothes in the cabin if worn under overalls. Wash work clothes daily. 
• Store food and drinks in a container that won’t be affected by pesticides and keep it far away from them in the driver’s cabin.
• Have a well-stocked first-aid kit and washing supplies (soap and towel) easily accessible in the driver’s cabin. Consider carrying extra clean water for washing, especially in remote areas. 

Vehicle Maintenance:

• Regularly wash the vehicle thoroughly, inside and out. Pay close attention to arrears like door handles, the driver’s cabin, the steering wheel, and the pesticide storage area. 

Local Regulations:

• Always check the state’s regulations regarding the transportation of hazardous materials. 

Approaching pest control treatment

• Identify the specific pest you’re trying to control or prevent. Different pests require different approaches
• Learn about the habits and biology of common pests. This knowledge helps you understand their weaknesses and target them more effectively. 
• Whenever possible, explore non-chemical methods like traps or habitat modification to control pests. 
• If pesticides are needed, make sure to use the right tools and know how to use them properly for safety and effectiveness. 

• When using pesticides, prioritise those that are:
  • Registered for specific pest problems.
  • Least toxic to humans and pets.
  • Least likely to linger in the environment after application. 
  • Considered safe for the situation (e.g., no children or sensitive equipment nearby).

• Always follow the instructions on the pesticide label to ensure proper use and safety.
• Wear the recommended protective clothing and equipment when applying pesticides.
• Before treatment, remove or cover food, dishes, pet bowls, and aquariums. CCconsider removing pets from the area until the treatment is ompleete 
• If others will be present during the treatment, provide clear instructions on staying clear of the area and when it’s safe to return

Preparing for a pest control treatment

• Concentrated pesticides are powerful, so keep children and pets away throughout the entire process, from mixing to application and cleanup. 
• Always read the pesticide label carefully, as it tells how much product to use, how to mix it safely, and what protective gear to wear.
• Wear gloves, goggles, and long sleeves and pants when handling concentrated pesticides. Some labels may recommend a respirator or face shield for extra protection. 
• Treat containers with care. Do not damage the container or the label, and if it leaks, transfer the contents to a proper label container. 
• Mix the pesticide solution in a well-lit and well-ventilated area. 
• Open packets with scissors to avoid spills and keep your face away from the opening of any container. 
• Pour liquid and powders carefully to avoid creating dust or mist.
• Don’t combine different pesticides unless the label specifically says it’s okay
• Only mix the amount of pesticide needed for the job. 
• Before you start spraying, plan the area you’ll treating and take any necessary safety. 
• Before you start spraying, survey the area that will be treated and take any necessary safety precautions, like covering up certain areas that you don’t want to expose, picking up items off the floor, etc. 

During a pest control treatment

• Always follow the instructions on the pesticide label for dosage, mixing, safety gear, and application areas. 
• Keep everyone, including children and pets, away during application and until the area dries completely. Store pesticides securely, out of reach of children and pets.
• Wear the recommended protective clothing equipment when handling pesticides, such as gloves, goggles, and long sleeves. 
• Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking while using pesticides. Wash your hands and face thoroughly before doing any of these activities. 
• Apply pesticides only to target areas where pests are present. Do not spray entire walls or pet bedding unless the label specifically allows it. 
• Never apply pesticides directly to food, food prep surfaces, or utensils. Keep bait traps out of reach of children and pets.
• Leave pet treatments to veterinarians or professionals. Only use pet-specific products as directed. 
• Avoid eye contact, touching your mouth, and blowing out clogged nozzles while sing pesticides. 
• Clean up spills immediately with absorbent material and contact the local authorities for proper disposal.
• Spray outdoors responsibly, avoiding windy days and using a coarse spray with low pressure to minimise drift.
• Protect waterways by not spraying pesticides near streams, lakes, or drains. 
• Focus outdoor treatments with persistent chemicals on specific problem areas, not entire gardens or yards. 
• In case of spills or suspected poisoning, call the local Poison Control Center and health department immediately. 
• Do not treat firewood with pesticides, as they can release toxic fumes when burned. 

After the treatment

• Rinse or wash equipment thoroughly after each job to remove pesticide residue. 
• Put away cleaned equipment and empty pesticide containers in a secure place, like your truck or designated storage area. 
• Make sure no one enters the treated area for a specific amount of time. This might involve putting up warning signs and letting and letting people know how long they should wait before coming back in. You might also need to advise tenants to air out the space before returning. 
• Avoid keeping mixed pesticide solution in your equipment for long periods. 
• Take off protective clothing and equipment. Store respirators in a sealed plastic bag. 
• Wash your face, neck, hands, and arms thoroughly. If possible, take a shower and change into clean clothes.

After the day’s work

• Take off the filters on the respirator (throw them away if needed)  and wash the mask part with soapy water. Let it dry completely by shaking out any water and leaving it in a well–ventilated area. Make sure the breathing valves are working properly. 
• Wash both the inside and outside of your gloves. Check for holes or tears, and hang them up to dry completely. 
• Watch the clothes worn during the day. If the work overalls were exposed to pests, wash them separately from the regular laundry. 
• Take a thorough shower, focusing on areas like the neck, hair, and under fingernails.

Storage and disposal of pesticides and their containers

• Check the state’s regulations for storing pesticides. This ensures you’re following the law.
• Let the local firefighter department know you have a pesticide storage area, so they’re aware of potential hazards. 
• Locate your storage area away from where people and animals live. A shady spot is ideal.
• When building a storage facility:
  • Use fire-resistant materials to construct the storage area. 
  • Make sure the area is well-ventilated to prevent fumes from building up.
  • Install fire extinguishers in case of emergencies.
  • Clearly label the outside of the storage area with a warning like “Danger-Hazardous Pesticides Storage” (double-check your state’s regulations for specific wording).
  • Ensure the entire area is lockable to keep children and pets out.
  • Use a solid floor surface, not something absorbent like carpet or wood. 
  • Create a bundle (like a lip) around the floor to contain pills. This bund should drain to a designated pit where spills can be safely neutralized.

• Storage pesticide containers tightly sealed, clean, and with their original labels still on.
• Regularly inspect containers for leaks caused by corrosion.
• Never store food in the same area as pesticides. 
• Always read the product label and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) before storing a pesticide. These documents may have specific storage instructions.
• Avoid buying or storing unregistered pesticides. If you need one, get permission from the relevant government authority. 
• For glass, metal, or plastic containers, rinse them thoroughly with water several times. This rinse water can then be added to your current spray mix (check the label for instructions). 
•  Keep empty containers locked up in your designated pesticide storage area until they’re ready for disposal. 
• Aerosol cans should never be punctured or thrown in a fire. Some landfills accept them but always check with the local waste disposal authority first.
• For large metal drums, a specialised drum reconditioner can handle them after thorough rinsing. 
• Rinse smaller metal containers thoroughly 9adding detergent if needed). Then puncture the top and bottom to prevent reuse and crush them if possible. Disposal options for these containers will depend on local regulations. Always consult the waste management authority for specific instructions. 
• The best way to avoid disposal issues is to plan pest control treatments carefully and only mix the amount of pesticides needed.
• Do not keep any pesticides that are unregistered or unlabeled. These should also be disposed of properly, unless there are specific instructions from authorities. 

Pesticide-Related Emergencies and First Aid

Pesticides help control unwanted pests, but it is important to remember they can be harmful to humans too, this guide will help you recognize the signs of pesticide poisoning and take the necessary steps to keep everyone safe. 

Warning Signs

If someone has been using pesticides and experiences any unusual symptoms within the last 8 hours, treat it seriously as it could be pesticide poisoning. 

What to do in case of exposure: 

1. First and foremost, remove the exposed person from the area where they were exposed to the pesticide, fresh air is crucial. 
2. Take off any contaminated clothing and shoes, and wash the skin gently with soap and water. Be careful not to scrub, as it can irritate the skin further.
3. The pesticide label has important information on first aid and safety measures. Refer to it for specific instructions. 
4. Call a doctor or poison control immediately. Stay calm and keep the patient comfortable and warm while waiting for help.
5.  In Australia, the Poisons Information Centre can be reached at 131126. They can provide further guidance. 
6. If the label mentions antidotes and they are available, follow the instructions carefully. 
7. If the person is unconscious, do not give them anything by mouth. If they are not breathing, begin CPR. 

Remember, speed is critical in case of poisoning. Taking these steps quickly can make all the difference. By following these safety precautions and knowing what to do in case of exposure, the risks associated with using pesticides can be minimised. 

Staying Safe Around Pesticides: Understanding the Risks

This section is here to help you identify possible pesticide poisoning, both for yourself and others. While this information is important, remember – ACTING QUICKLY IS CRUCIAL. In an emergency, there might not be time to consult this book. 

The exact ways pesticides harm humans and animals are still being studied. However, we do know enough to recognize the warning signs of poisoning. 

People can get sick from pesticides in two ways: 

• Sudden exposure – this happens when someone comes into contact with a large amount of pesticide at once.
• Long-term exposure – this happens from repeated exposure to smaller amounts over time. 

The signs of poisoning can be similar in both cases. It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other illnesses. However, if you experience any of these after using pesticides, call a doctor immediately and let them know what type of pesticide you were exposed to. 

Modes of action – signs and symptoms

Organophosphorus insecticides

Organophosphate insecticides are commonly used to kill insects. Some examples include dichlorvos, diazinon, and malathion. These pesticides work by interfering with a chemical in your blood called cholinesterase.  Cholinesterase is like a traffic cop for messages between your nerves and muscles. 

When you’re exposed to organophosphate insecticides, they inactivate cholinesterase. This means the traffic cop isn’t there to stop messages anymore, and your muscles keep getting signalled to move. This constant muscle activity can cause: 

• Tremors or shaking
• Muscle weakness
• In severe cases, seizures or uncontrolled muscle contractions

Other signs of exposure include: 

• Pinpoint pupils
• Blurred vision
• Watery eyes
• Drooling
• Dizziness
• Sweating
• Fast heartbeat
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing

In very severe cases, people may experience:

• Muscle paralysis
• Loss of bowel control
• Unconsciousness

If you experience any of these symptoms after exposure to organophosphate insecticides, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment can greatly increase your chances of a full recovery. 

Carbamate insecticides 

Examples: bendiocarb, propoxur, carbaryl, methomyl

Like organophosphates, they target the nervous system of insects. However, there’s a key difference – carbamates affect a critical enzyme called cholinesterase for a shorter duration. Our bodies break down carbamates relatively quickly, meaning their effect fades faster than organophosphates. This makes them somewhat safer for use around people and pets. 

It’s important to note that carbamates can still be harmful if not handled properly. They cause similar symptoms to organophosphate poisoning, so caution is always necessary. 

Organochlorine insecticides

Examples: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin endrin, heptachlor, and lindane. 

These pesticides target the insect’s nervous system, disrupting its normal function. While the exact scientific details of how this happens are still being studied, these pesticides can be harmful to humans as well. In high doses, they can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Although not needed in humans, repeated exposure to large amounts in animals has been linked to damage to the liver and kidneys. Additionally, some people may experience nervousness or even convulsions after exposure. It’s crucial to remember that safe handling practices are essential whenever using pesticides. 

Sodium fluoroacetate (rodenticide – compound 1080)

Experts are not exactly sure about this chemical’s mode of action, but it disrupts the heart and nervous system of many animals. In some creatures, it also affects specific muscles. This chemical is so strong that only licensed professionals can use it, and should never be handled by anyone else. 

Botanicals (plant derivatives)

Botanical insecticides come in a variety of forms, each with its own chemical structure and level of danger to humans. 

Pyrethrum – this popular botanical insecticide stands out for its low mammalian toxicity. It typically causes only mild, short-term reactions in humans, like skin irritation, sneezing, or a runny nose. However, some applicators might be more sensitive.

It is important to note that natural pyrethrum from plants differs significantly from synthetic pyrethroids. These lab-created versions can be quite toxic to mammals, fish, and other wildlife. 

Anticoagulants 

Examples: warfarin, diphacinone, coumetatryalyl, brodifacoum, bromadiolone. 

Anticoagulant rodenticides (like warfarin) work by stopping pests from clotting their blood. There are two main effects of anticoagulant poisoning – one affects the blood’s ability to produce clots, and the other damages blood-carrying tissues throughout the body, leading to bleeding even from minor injuries. 

Symptoms of poisoning include:

• Early symptoms – backaches, stomach aches, and intestinal pain (may appear 1-2 days after exposure). 
• Later symptoms – vomiting, nosebleeds, rashes, blood in urine, large bruises, and excessive bleeding from any injury. 

Note that it can take several days for symptoms to appear after exposure. There are effective antidotes available to treat anticoagulant poisoning. 

Synthetic pyrethroids

Examples: bifenthrin, permethrin, fenpropathrin, cyfluthrin

Synthetic pyrethroids are a newer type of insecticide compared to some older classes like organophosphates or carbamates. While no serious poisoning cases have been reported, some people who work with these chemicals have experienced tingling or itching around the eyes. This feels similar to the numbness after dental anesthesia or nettle sting, but without any rash or blisters. This tingling usually lasts a few hours, but can sometimes persist for a day. 

Because these are new chemicals with varying properties, it is important to be careful when handling concentrated forms, especially when applying them. 

Emergency treatment in the event of chemical poisoning

If there is a poisoning incident:

1. Follow the DRABC of First Aid. 

• Move yourself and the victim away from the Danger zone.
• See if they are Responsive by shaking them gently and asking loudly if they can hear you.
• Check Airways
• Check Breathing
• Check Circulation or pulse. 

2. Wear gloves and a mask while removing contaminated clothing.
3. Follow specific instructions on the product label for first aid treatment.
4. Immediately dial the Poison Information Centre (131126) while continuing first aid. Do not stop giving first aid until help arrives.
5. Minimize the victim’s movement and keep them warm and comfortable. 

IF YOU ARE ALONE WITH THE VICTIM

1. Prioritise your safety from contaminations
2. Check for breathing; if not, administer artificial respiration after clearing contaminants.
3. Decontaminate the patient promptly by washing thoroughly. 
4. Seek medical assistance immediately.

REMEMBER, first aid is temporary and should not replace professional treatment. 

IF YOU ARE WITH ANOTHER PERSON AND THE VICTIM

Remember, acting quickly is crucial:

• One individual should initiate first aid, while the other one should call a doctor or the Poisons Information Centre (131126). 
• The doctor will provide instructions, likely advising to transport the victim to a hospital’s emergency room for proper treatment, as it’s equipped for such emergencies. Calling the doctor to the accident site should only occur if hospital transport isn’t feasible. 

GENERAL

1. If the victim isn’t breathing well or stopped breathing, administer mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. 
2. Immediately stop contact with the pesticide. If skin is exposed, thoroughly cleanse the affected area, including hair and nails. In cases of ingestion, refrain from inducing vomiting unless instructed to do so by a medical professional or the Poison Information Centre. Refrain from giving anything to an unconscious victim. 
3. Save the pesticide container and material in it if any remains; get a readable label or name of chemical(s) for the doctor. If the poison is not known, save a sample of any vomit. 

POISON ON SKIN

If you get pesticide on your skin:

• Take off your clothes carefully to avoid spreading it.
• Wash your skin with cool water right away; you can use a shower, hose, tap, or bucket. 
• Soap down your skin and hair completely.
• Wash quickly to minimize harm.
• Dry off and wrap in a blanket.
• Contact the Poisons Information Centre (131126).

POISON IN EYE

• Keep eyelids open and wash eyes promptly with plenty of clean, flowing water. Immediate action is crucial to reduce damage.
• Keep washing for at least 15 minutes.
• Avoid adding chemicals or medications to water as they could worsen the injury.
• Contact the Poisons Information Centre (131126).

INHALED POISONS

• If the victim is trapped in a closed space, DO NOT enter without an air-supplied respirator.
• Immediately move the person (don’t let them walk) to fresh air.
• Open all doors and windows for ventilation.
• Loosen tight clothing to make breathing easier.
• Perform artificial respiration if breathing is irregular or stopped.
• Get medical attention immediately or call the Poison Information Centre (131126)
• Wrap the victim in blankets to prevent chills, but avoid overheating.
• Keep the victim quiet and still as much as possible.
• Make sure their breathing isn’t blocked and protect them from injuries. Keep their airway clean and head back.
• Do not give the victim any alcohol in any form. 

SWALLOWED POISONS

In case of accidental ingestion of corrosive substances like acids or alkalis:

• Seek medical assistance promptly. (Poisons Information System, 131126)
• Refrain from inducing vomiting unless instructed by medical professionals. 
• If the patient can swallow, provide milk, water, or milk of magnesia for acids, and milk or water for alkalis.
• For organophosphorus or carbamate poisoning, if the patient is conscious, administer two atropine tablets immediately. 
• If medical help is unavailable or delayed, transport the patient to the nearest medical facility, bringing along pesticide labels and any relevant information. 

CHEMICAL BURNS OF SKIN

Chemical burns on the skin require immediate action:

• Rinse the affected area with running water for up to 15 minutes.
• Take off any clothing that may have come into contact with the chemical(s).
• Cover the burned area with a clean, damp cloth. Any type of cloth will work, jsut make sure it’s loosely applied. 
• Don’t apply ointments, greases, powders, or other medications to the burn.
• Help the person stay calm and warm while waiting for medical help to arrive. Keep them lying flat if possible. 

First Aid Treatment

GENERAL

• Move the affected individual away from any pesticide and to a safe area promptly. 
• Take off any clothing that might have been exposed to the pesticide. 
• If the victim’s breathing is extremely weak or has stopped:

1. Administer artificial respiration.
2. Oxygen may help but should be given under the guidance of a professional.

WHEN SOMEONE SWALLOWS PESTICIDE

1. Do not make them vomit unless told to by the Poisons Information Centre.
2. Offer them milk or cold water. 
3. Do not give them anything if they’re unconscious or having convulsions. 

IN CASE OF PESTICIDE SPLASHING INTO THE EYE

1. Flush the eye immediately with clean water.
2. Use plenty of water to rinse the eye gently.
3. Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes.

IF PESTICIDE SPILLS ON THE SKIN

1. Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and cover it with clean clothing or a blanket.
2. Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water.
3. Clean under fingernails and toenails.

IF BREATHING BECOMES WEEK OR IRREGULAR

1. Administer artificial respiration to maintain breathing.
2. Oxygen may help, but only under expert supervision.

Artificial respiration takes priority over all other first aid.

IF CONVULSIONS OCCUR

• Keep the patient warm and prevent injury with gentle restraint.

IF UNCONSCIOUSNESS OCCURS

1. Place the patient on their side to ensure proper breathing.
2. Keep them warm and dry.

DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING BY MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON

IF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS OR CARBAMATE PESTICIDES ARE INVOLVED AND SYMPTOMS ARE SEVERE 

• Administer 2 atropine tablets (0.5 mg each) if available, unless the patient is already turning blue or unconscious due to inadequate respiration.

IF YOU KNOW THE TYPE OF PESTICIDE

1. Refer to the appropriate pesticide group for additional first-aid information.
2. Seek medical attention promptly.

First Aid Kit

This should include essential items for dealing with pesticide exposure:

• Water for cleaning
• Nail brush
• Skin lotion
• Scrubbing brush
• Boracic acid
• Methylated spirits
• Blanker for warmth
• Clean clothing
• Atropine tablets
• Shaped plastic airway for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Antidotes – their use by non-medical people

Safety gear and first aid knowledge are your best defences against getting poisoned on the job. While antidotes and special medicines to treat poisoning exist, preventing exposure is key. This discussion will explore common antidotes, including how they are used (internally or externally), how they work, and where to get them (most do not require prescription). Remember, two antidotes, atropine and 2-PAM, are particularly strong and require a doctor’s approval. 

Antidotes for external use

Pesticides are chemicals, and contact can be dangerous. Luckily, decontamination is simple. Wash the affected area with clean water to dilute and remove the pesticide. If it’s on the skin, hair, or nails, soapy water is even better. In an emergency, any reasonably clean water source – like a canal or pond will do. The key is to wash quickly; don’t worry about how pristine the water is. 

Antidotes for internal use

Before giving anything by mouth to a person who might be poisoned, check first aid instructions

• Water is effective for diluting poisons
• Milk serves as a diluting agent and aids in neutralizing acid or alkali poisons.
• Milk of magnesia is useful for neutralising acid poisons and can typically be found in home medicine cabinets or obtained from a pharmacy.

Universal antidote

Mix 2 parts activated charcoal, 1 part magnesium oxide, and 1 part tannic acid. Use 15 grams of this mixture in a half glass of warm water if advised by the Poisons Information Centre to absorb and neutralize poisons.

Activated charcoal alone can absorb many poisons. It can be given as a thick soup, which you can get from a chemist.

Vitamin K (phytonadione) is used against anticoagulants like warfarin (rodenticide) and should only be administered by a doctor.

BAL (dimercaprol) is a specific antidote for arsenic poisoning and must be injected by a doctor.

Atropine counteracts the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors found in pesticides like organophosphorus and carbamate. It’s dangerous if misused and hard to obtain, so keep it away from children. Make sure to have an emergency supply of 0.5 mg tablets. 

2-PAM (protopam) counters the effects of many organophosphorus pesticides, especially parthoion poisnoning. It is often used with atropine for organophosphorus poisoning but doesn’t work against malathion or carbamate pesticides. 

Use of atropine and 2-PAM

Atropine and 2-PAM are not helpful for pest control workers in case of pesticide poisoning. Here’s why: 

• Taking these medicines beforehand won’t protect you if you are exposed to pesticides.
• Do not carry them for emergencies. Oral atropine pills are especially bad because:
  • The dose is too low and won’t be effective.
  • A sick person might throw them up or be too confused to swallow.
• Atropine tablets might hide early signs of poisoning, leading to problems:
  • Workers might feel okay and keep working, getting more exposed.
  • Doctors might miss or delta the correct diagnosis if they don’t know atropine was taken.

Even though small amounts of atropine aren’t very poisonous, they create a false sense of security and prevent you from getting proper medical care. 

REMEMBER, if you suspect pesticide poisoning, seek medical attention immediately. DO NOT try to treat yourself with atropine or 2-PAM. 

Artificial respiration procedure

This section covers how to give CPR in case someone stops breathing. It’s crucial to remember these steps and act fast – seconds matter!

• Master the proper method, like mouth-to mouth. Practice beforehand to be ready if needed. 
• Do not waste time – begin CPR immediately and keep going. Persistence can save a life. 
• Make sure the person’s face isn’t contaminated with pesticides before starting CPR to avoid harming yourself. 

The Australian Resuscitation Council recommends these steps for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

• Clear the airway
• Tilt the head back
• Give breaths
• Look for chest rise
• Listen for breathing

1. Clear the airway (3-4 seconds)

• Roll the person onto their side.
• If there is vomit or objects blocking the airway, sweep them out with your fingers.
• Tight dentures can stay, lose ones should be removed. 

2. Tilt the head back

• Gently lay the person on their back and tilt their head back.
• Support the jaw but avoid putting pressure on the neck.

3. Give Breaths (15 times/minute for adults, 20 times/minute for children)

• Pinch the nose closed.
• Make a seal with your mouth over theirs and give a steady breath.
• Check if their chest rises. If not, there might be a blockage.

4. Check for airflow

• After blowing, take your mouth off and listen/feel for air coming out.
• Look at their stomach – it shouldn’t puff up. If it does, there’s a blockage.
• IMPORTANT: don’t press on the stomach. 

5. Repeat

• Keep giving breaths at the right speed (15 or 20 per minute).

6. Breathe with the Person (Once they start breathing on their own)

• Match your breaths to theirs until their breathing seems normal. 

7. Recovery Position

• Once they can breathe well, turn them onto their side (recovery position).
• Keep checking their breathing and wait for help to arrive.